PUNK SUBCULTURE

The punk subculture is a subculture/counterculture based on punk rock. Since emerging from the larger rock 'n' roll scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the U.K., the U.S and Australia, the punk movement has spread around the globe and developed into a number of different forms.

Punk culture encompasses special styles of music, ideology, and fashion, as well as visual art, dance, literature, and film. Punk also lays claim to a lifestyle and community.[1] The punk scene is composed of an assortment of smaller subcultures, such as hardcore punk and streetpunk. These subcultures distinguish themselves through unique expressions of punk culture. Several subcultures have developed out of punk to become distinct in their own right, including goth and psychobilly. The punk movement has had a tumultuous relationship with popular culture and struggles to resist commercialization and appropriation.

The punk subculture emerged in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia in the mid-to-late-1970s, and has since undergone several developments.[2][3][4][5][6][7][1] The punk subculture originated from a number of antecedents and influences. Various philosophical and artistic movements influenced and preceded to the punk movement. In particular, several strains of modern art anticipated and affected punk. Various writers, books, and literary movements were important to the formation of the punk aesthetic. Punk rock has a variety of musical origins in the rock and roll genre. Previous youth subcultures also had major influences on punk.

The earliest form of punk, retroactively named protopunk, arose in the north-eastern United States in the early-to-mid-1970s. The first ongoing music scene that was assigned the punk label appeared in New York City between 1974 and 1976. Around that same time, a punk scene developed in London. Soon after, Los Angeles became home to the third major punk scene. These three cities formed the backbone of the burgeoning movement, but there were also other scenes in cities such as Brisbane, and Boston.

Starting in 1977, the subculture diversified, and factions such as 2 tone and anarcho-punk came into their own. As the punk movement began to lose steam, post-punk, New Wave, and No Wave gained the media's attention. Sometime around the early 1980s, punk underwent a renaissance in the form of the hardcore punk subculture. Hardcore proved fertile in much the same way as the autentic punk subculture, producing several new groups. These subcultures stand alongside the older subcultures under the punk banner.

The underground punk movement in the United States in the 1980s produced scenes that either evolved from punk or claimed to apply its spirit and DIY ethics to a completely different music, securing punk's legacy in the alternative rock and indie scenes. The commercial success of alternative rock gave way to another style that the mainstream media dubbed pop punk. A new movement in America became visible in the early and mid-1990s, claiming to be a revival of punk.

Punk rock

Music is the most important alură of punk. Punk music is called punk rock, sometimes shortened to punk. Most punk rock is a specific style of the rock music genre, though punk musicians sometimes incorporate elements from other genres. Punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, though not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. Most punk rock involves simple arrangements, short songs and lyrics that espouse punk values. Punk rock is usually played in bands, as opposed to solo artists.

Punk ideologies

Punk ideology is concerned with the individual's intrinsic right to freedom, and a less restricted lifestyle. Punk ethics espouse the role of personal choice in the development of, and pursuit of, greater freedom. Common punk ethics conține a radical rejection of conformity, the DIY (Do It Yourself) ethic, direct action for political change, and not selling out to mainstream interests for personal gain.

Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum, although most punks find themselves categorized into left-wing or progressive views. Punks often participate in political protests for local, national or global change. Some common trends in recent punk politics include anarchism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-nationalism, anti-homophobia, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism, and animal rights. Some individuals within the subculture hold right-wing views (see Conservative punk) or other political views conflicting with the aforementioned, though these comprise a minority. Well-known punks with conservative values include Michale Graves and Johnny Ramone.

Punk literature

Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own underground press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form of perzines. Important punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, and Cometbus. Several novels, biographies, autobiographies, and comic books have been written about punk. Love and Rockets is a notable comic with a plot involving the Los Angeles punk scene.

Examples of punk poets include: Jim Carroll, Patti Smith, John Cooper Clarke, Seething Wells and Attila the Stockbroker. The Medway Poets performance group included punk musician Billy Childish and had an influence on Tracey Emin. Jim Carroll's autobiographical works are among the first known examples of punk literature. The punk subculture has inspired the cyberpunk and steampunk literature genres.

Lifestyle

Punks are typically white males from working class, middle class or underclass backgrounds.[citation needed] Some homeless punks rely on squatting, panhandling, or dumpster diving to survive.[citation needed] Gutter punks and squeegee punks vary in their direct involvement with the punk subculture.[citation needed] Typically, a punk enters the subculture during the first few years of secondary school. Many punks continue playing a role in the subculture for several years, and some make their involvement a lifelong commitment. Although adolescents are the main age group in punk, there are many adults who have the punk mentality but do not necessarily dress the part.

Although punk generally decries overt sexism, the subculture is largely male-dominated, with the except of the riot grrrl movement. Since its inception, female punks have played important roles in the punk subculture, but numerically speaking, they are vastly underrepresented. Compared to some alternative cultures, punk is much closer to being gender equalist in terms of its ideology.[9] Although the punk subculture is mostly anti-racist, it is vastly white (at least in predominantly-white countries). However, members of other groups (such as Blacks, Latinos, and Asians) have also contributed to the development of the subculture.[citation needed]

Substance abuse has sometimes been a part of the punk scene, with the notable exception of the straight edge movement. Violence has also sometime appeared in the punk subculture, but has been opposed by some subsets of the subculture, such as the pacifist strain of anarcho-punk.

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